242
~380
Residual load = consumption − wind − solar. It is the net demand that dispatchable plants — coal, gas, biomass, hydro, storage — plus cross-border exchanges must balance. When it is high, expensive thermal capacity is needed and prices rise with it. As residual load falls, wind and solar displace more thermal generation, pulling prices down. When it turns negative, wind and solar output alone exceeds all consumption: controllable plants ramp to their technical minimums, storage absorbs what it can, and the grid exports heavily — often with prices turning negative too.